Resurfacing the Submerged Past: Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Flevoland Polders, the Netherlands
by: Hans Peeters (Editor),Laura Kooistra(Editor),Daan Raemaekers(Editor),Bjørn Smit(Editor),Karen Waugh(Editor)&1more
Publisher: Sidestone Press
Publication Date: 28 Dec. 2021
Language: English
Print Length: 310 pages
ISBN-10: 9464260394
ISBN-13: 9789464260397
Book Description
The Netherlands are internationally renowned for the archaeology of its wetland environments. The reclamation of the Flevoland Polders in the early half of the 20th century not only exposed hundreds of shipwrecks, but also remnants of prehistoric landscapes and traces of human occupation dating to Mesolithic and Neolithic times. Ultimately, this led to the 'discovery' of the Swifterbant Culture in the 1960s-1970s, and which was initially seen as a Dutch equivalent of the Ertebølle Culture. Archaeological investigations conducted by the University of Groningen, and later also the University of Amsterdam, delivered important new data on the nature of the Swifterbant Culture. It became key in the discussion about the adoption of crop cultivation and animal husbandry by hunter-gatherers living in wetland environments. Also, the Swifterbant Culture became central in the debate on the meaning of archaeologically defined 'cultures', questioning relationships between social interaction and material culture. With the increase of urbanisation and infrastructural works, alongside changes in the Dutch Monuments Act, dozens of small and large-scale development-led investigations got initiated at the turn of the century. One project involved the construction of the Hanzelijn railway, crossing one of the polders from West to East. Archaeologists became aware that much of what was known - and unknown - about the prehistoric past of the Flevoland Polders, was not easily accessible. It was therefore decided to bring together, as much as possible, all the information from the many scattered sources, and make it accessible to professionals, both inside and outside the Netherlands. The result is this book, which presents an overview of the most important sites and data, and what these learn us about the nature of the archaeological record, landscape change, prehistoric subsistence, ritual behaviour, as well as socio-cultural developments during the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Previously considered an impossibility, 'fossilised' fields, discovered at Swifterbant, demonstrate crop cultivation in wetland environments in an early stage of the Neolithic. In fact, the prehistory of the Flevoland Polders is tightly connected to the dynamic nature of the extended wetlands that characterised the landscape since the end of the last glacial. Although often regarded as the 'margin' of cultural dynamics in the past, we can now see that the Flevoland Polders were right in the centre of fundamental long-term changes in human existence in NW Europe.
About the Author
From the Back Cover The Netherlands are internationally renowned for the archaeology of its wetland environments. The reclamation of the Flevoland Polders in the early half of the 20th century not only exposed hundreds of shipwrecks, but also remnants of prehistoric landscapes and traces of human occupation dating to Mesolithic and Neolithic times. Ultimately, this led to the ‘discovery’ of the Swifterbant Culture in the 1960s-1970s, and which was initially seen as a Dutch equivalent of the Ertebølle Culture. Archaeological investigations conducted by the University of Groningen, and later also the University of Amsterdam, delivered important new data on the nature of the Swifterbant Culture. It became key in the discussion about the adoption of crop cultivation and animal husbandry by hunter-gatherers living in wetland environments. Also, the Swifterbant Culture became central in the debate on the meaning of archaeologically defined ‘cultures’, questioning relationships between social interaction and material culture. With the increase of urbanisation and infrastructural works, alongside changes in the Dutch Monuments Act, dozens of small and large-scale development-led investigations got initiated at the turn of the century. One project involved the construction of the Hanzelijn railway, crossing one of the polders from West to East. Archaeologists became aware that much of what was known – and unknown – about the prehistoric past of the Flevoland Polders, was not easily accessible. It was therefore decided to bring together, as much as possible, all the information from the many scattered sources, and make it accessible to professionals, both inside and outside the Netherlands. The result is this book, which presents an overview of the most important sites and data, and what these learn us about the nature of the archaeological record, landscape change, prehistoric subsistence, ritual behaviour, as well as socio-cultural developments during the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Previously considered an impossibility, ‘fossilised’ fields, discovered at Swifterbant, demonstrate crop cultivation in wetland environments in an early stage of the Neolithic. In fact, the prehistory of the Flevoland Polders is tightly connected to the dynamic nature of the extended wetlands that characterised the landscape since the end of the last glacial. Although often regarded as the ‘margin’ of cultural dynamics in the past, we can now see that the Flevoland Polders were right in the centre of fundamental long-term changes in human existence in NW Europe.
About the Author Hans Peeters is associate professor at the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. He obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam. As a specialist in the archaeology of hunter-gatherers and early farmers, he worked at the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency from 1997 till 2009, and was involved in various projects, notably in Flevoland. In his work, he focusses on the relationship between landscape dynamics and hunter-gatherer behaviour. Furthermore he is a specialist in lithic technology. He has a long-standing involvement in the prehistoric archaeology of the North Sea (Doggerland). Currently, he is the principal investigator of an interdisciplinary project funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Resurfacing Doggerland. Environment, humans and material culture in a drowning postglacial landscape. Hans Peeters has published widely on hunter-gatherer archaeology, computational modelling, as well as on-land and offshore heritage management. Key publications Bailey, G., N. Galanidou, H. Peeters, H. Jöns & M. Menninga (eds) (2020). The archaeology of Europe’s drowned landscapes. Dordrecht, Springer (Coastal Research Library 35). Brouwer Burg, M., H. Peeters & W. Lovis (eds) (2016). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in archaeological computational modeling. Springer, New York (Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology). Peeters, J.H.M. (2007): Hoge Vaart-A27 in context: towards a model of Mesolithic-Neolithic land-use dynamics as a framework for archaeological heritage management. Amersfoort (PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam). Peeters, J.H.M., D.C.M. Raemaekers, I.I.J.A.L.M. Devriendt, P.W. Hoebe, M.J.L.Th. Niekus, G.R. Nobles & M. Schepers (2017). Paradise Lost? Insights into the early prehistory of the Netherlands from development-led archaeology. Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 62), Amersfoort. Peeters, J.H.M., L.W.S.W. Amkreutz, K.M. Cohen & M.P. Hijma (2019). North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF) 2019. Retuning the research and management agenda for prehistoric landscapes and archaeology in the Dutch sector of the continental shelf. Amersfoort, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 63).Laura Immy Kooistra is senior researcher archaeobotany and one of the founders of BIAX Consult, Biological Archaeology & Environmental Reconstruction. She studied biology at the Leiden University where she was educated in palaeoetnobotany and palynology. In 1996 she obtained her PhD with the thesis Borderland Farming. Possibilities and limitations of farming in the Roman Period and Early Middle Ages between Rhine and Meuse. Besides business as usual she is interested in subjects concerning the history and development of the environment, and the use of it by hunter-gatherers and farmers from prehistoric times till the early middle ages in the Netherlands. Another main issue is the provenance of food for the Roman army in the Rhine delta. Key publications Dinter, M. van, L.I. Kooistra, M.K. Dütting, P. van Rijn & C. Cavallo 2014: Could the local population of the Lower Rhine delta supply the Roman army? Part 2: Modelling the carrying capacity of the delta using archaeological, palaeo-ecological and geomorphological data, JALC 5-1, 5-50. Groot, M., S. Heeren, L.I. Kooistra & W.K. Vos 2009: Surplus production for the market? The agrarian economy in the non-villa landscapes of Germania Inferior, Journal of Roman Archaeology 22, 231-252. Groot, M., & L.I. Kooistra 2009: Land use and the agrarian economy in the Roman Dutch River Area, Internet Archaeology 27. Kooistra, L.I., & W.A.M. Hessing 1989: A Tropical Surprise in a Dutch Early Medieval Well. In: U. Körber-Grohne & H. Küster (Eds.). Archäobotanik. Symposium der Universität Hohenheim (Stuttgart) vom 11.-16. Juli 1988 (Dissertationes Botanicae 133), Stuttgart, 167-174. Kooistra, L.I., 1996: Borderland farming. Possibilities and limitations of farming in the Roman Period and the Early Middle Ages between the Rhine and Meuse, Assen. Kooistra M.J., L.I. Kooistra, P. van Rijn & U. Sass-Klaassen 2006: Woodlands of the past. The excavation of wetland woods at Zwolle-Stadshagen (the Netherlands): Reconstruction of the wetland wood in its environmental context, Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw 85-1, 37-60. Kooistra, L.I., 2009: The Provenance of Cereals for the Roman Army in the Rhine Delta. Based on Archaeobotanical Evidence, Beihefte der Bonner Jahrbücher 58,1, 219-237. Kooistra, L.I., M. van Dinter, M.K. Dütting, P. van Rijn & C. Cavallo 2013: Could the local population of the Lower Rhine delta supply the Roman army? Part 1: The archaeological and historical framework, JALC 4-2, 5-23.Daan Raemaekers is full professor of archaeology of northwestern Europe at the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. He obtained his PhD on the role of the Swifterbant culture in the transition to farming in northwestern Europe from Leiden University in 1999. In the period 1998-2002, he worked as project manager at RAAP Archaeological Consultancy and was involved in numerous developer-led projects in the province of Flevoland. He was appointed full professor at the University of Groningen in 2002. His academic work focuses on four interrelated topics: the transition to farming in northwestern Europe, the development of Neolithic societies in this area, the function and meaning of ceramics in this period and the role of prehistory in present-day societies. He has carried out fieldwork at several sites in the Swifterbant region and near megalithic tombs. He is the principal investigator of the project The Emergence of Domesticated Animals in the Netherlands (EDAN), financed by the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research NWO (2020-2022). Key publications Demirci, O., Lucquin, A., Çakirlar, C., Craig, O. E., & Raemaekers, D. C. M. (2021). Lipid residue analysis on Swifterbant pottery (c. 5000-3800 cal BC) in the Lower Rhine-Meuse area (the Netherlands) and its implications for human-animal interactions in relation to the Neolithisation process. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 36, 102812. D.C.M. Raemaekers, L. Kubiak-Martens, T.F.M. Oudemans, 2013. New food in old Pots – charred organic residues in Early Neolithic ceramic vessels from Swifterbant, the Netherlands (4300-4000 cal. BC), Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 43(3), 315-334. Schepers, M., J.F. Scheepens, R.T.J. Cappers, O.F.R. van Tongeren, D.C.M. Raemaekers & R.M. Bekker, 2013. An objective method based on assemblages of subfossil plantmacro-remains to reconstruct past natural vegetation: a casestudy at Swifterbant, The Netherlands, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(3), 243-255. Huisman, D.J., A.G. Jongmans en D.C.M. Raemaekers, 2009. Investigating Neolithic land use in Swifterbant (NL) using micromorphological techniques, Catena 78, 185-197. Cappers, R.T.J. & D.C.M. Raemaekers, 2008. Cereal cultivation at Swifterbant? Neolithic Wetland Farming on the North European Plain, Current Anthropology 49(3), 385-402.Bjørn Ivar Smit is senior researcher archaeology at Cultural heritage Agency of the Netherlands. He studied and obtained his PhD at the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Groningen and has worked for one of the larger archaeological companies (RAAP Archaeological Consultancy) in the Netherlands. His work at the Cultural Heritage Agency at is directed at the archaeological heritage management in the Netherlands. He focusses on early prehistory, palaeogeography and palaoelandscapes, drowned landscapes, predictive modelling, general heritage management/legislation on- and off shore and the formulation of knowledge strategies for the Cultural Heritage Agency. Key publications Dekker,J. V. Sinet-Mathiot, M. Spithoven, B. Smit, A. Wilcke, F. Welker, A. Verpoorte, M. Soressi 2021: Human and cervid osseous materials used for barbed point manufacture in Mesolithic Doggerland, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Volume 35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102678. Janssen, J. B. Smit, N. Wijsbek & R. van Lanen 2021: Koersen op kennis Verkenning naar de kennisfunctie van de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Amersfoort. J. Bazelmans, E. Beukers, O. Brinkkemper, I.M.M. van der Jagt, E. Rensink, B.I. Smit & M. Walrecht 2020:Tot op het bot onderzocht. Essays ter ere van archeozoöloog Roel Lauwerier, Amersfoort Nederlandse archeologische Rapporten. Smit, B.I., J. Bazelmans, T. de Groot, D. Schmutzhart, M. Linssen, J. Bouwmeester, J. Jongma, A. Klomp, L. Theunissen, M. ter Schegget, J. Schreurs en M. Verschuur, 2019: In situ 2100. De betekenins en vormgeving van de beschermingen van archeologische vindplaatsen, Amersfoort. R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, M.C. Eerden, B.J. Groenewoudt, M.A. Lascaris, E. Rensink, B.I. Smit, B.P. Speleers & J. van Doesburg 2017: Knowledge for Informed Choices. Tools for more effective and efficient selection of valuable archaeology in the Netherlands, Amersfoort, Nederlandse archeologische Rapporten 55. R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, M.C. Eerden, B.J. Groenewoudt, M.A. Lascaris, E. Rensink, B.I. Smit, B.P. Speleers & J. Van Doesburg, 2017 A toolbox for archaeological heritage management. Maps, methods and more for effective and efficient selection of valuable archaeology, in: A. Degraeve (ed): Dare to Choose. Making Choices in Archaeological Heritage Management, Namur: Europae Archaeologia Consilium (EAC) (EAC Occasional Paper 13), 55-62. L. Amkreutz, F. Brounen, J. Deeben, R. Machiels, M.-F. van Oorsouw & B. Smit (eds.) 2016: Vuursteen verzameld: over het zoeken en onderzoeken van steentijd vondsten en -vindplaatsen, Amersfoort (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 50). Van der Plicht, J., L.W.S.W. Amkreutz, M.J.L.Th. Niekus, J.H.M. Peeters & B.I. Smit 2016: Surf’n turf in Doggerland: dating, stable isotopes and diet of Mesolithic human remains from the southern North Sea, Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 10, 110-118. Smit, B.I. O. Brinkkemper, J. Kleijne, R. Lauwerier & L. Theunisen 2012: A kaleidoscope of gathering at Keinsmerbrug (the Netherlands) : Late Neolithic behavioural variabiltity in a dynamic landscape, Amersfoort (Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 43)Karen Waugh (ⴕ 2019) was co-director of Vestigia Archaeology & Cultural History Ltd. She received a PhD from the University of Durham (UK) in 1999. As a Roman pottery specialist she worked in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands. From 1995 until 2002 she worked as a project manager Archaeology at the Netherlands Cultural Heritage Agency on the Betuweroute and HSL-Zuid infrastructural projects. From 2002 until 2019 she continued managing large-scale archaeological projects involving Vestigia, Hanzelijn being the most time consuming of these. Karen was also very active in promoting professional standards and international cooperation between archaeologists. In 2017 she was elected secretary of the Executive Board of the European Association of Archaeologists, a position see fulfilled until her untimely death in the summer of 2019. (Also see https://KEWaughfoundation.org) WAUGH, K.E, 1999: The Roman pottery and ceramic small finds from the Romano-British settlement at Chells, Boxfield Farm, Stevenage. In: C.J. GOING./J.R. HUNN: Excavations at Boxfield Farm, Chells, Stevenage, Hertfordshire. (Hertfordshire Archaeological Report). DIERENDONCK, R.M. VAN/K.E. WAUGH (eds), 1993: The Valkenburg-Marktveld and Valkenburg-the Woerd Excavations, 1985-1988: a Preliminary Report. In: R.M. VAN Dierendock/D.P. Hallewas/K.E. Waugh (eds):The Valkenburg Excavations 1985-1988. Introduction and Detail Studies, Amersfoort (Nederlandse Oudheden 15). WAUGH, K.E., 1993: The Germanic cemetery at Rheindorf: problems with the identification of gender and status. In: M. STRUCK (Hrsg.); Römerzeitliche Gräber als Quellen zu Religion, Bevölkerungstruktur und Sozialgeschichte (Archäologische Schriften Universität Mainz, Band 3), 297-304. WAUGH, K.E., 2008: Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe: Netherlands; www.discovering‐archaeologists.eu/national_reports/DISCO_national_Netherlands_English_final.pdf. WAUGH, K.E., 2006: Archaeological Management Strategies in the Planarch Area of North West Europe. Kent County Council on Behalf of the Planarch Partnership; www,planarch.org. DRIES, M.H. VAN DEN/K.E. WAUGH/C. BAKKER, 2010: A crisis with many faces. The impact of the economic recession on Dutch archaeology. In: N. SCHLANGER/K. AITCHISON : Archaeology and the global economic crisis. Multiple impacts, possible solutions. Culture Lab Éditions.
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